| Effects of Sm2O3 addition on the dielectric and energy storage properties of BaTiO3 ceramics |
Nayeon Kang1, Minjung Kim1, Hyunseok Song1
, Jungho Ryu1,2
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1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
2Institute of Materials Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, 38541, Republic of Korea |
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Received: February 9, 2024; Revised: June 1, 2024 Accepted: June 6, 2024. Published online: June 28, 2024.
*Nayeon Kang and Minjung Kim contributed equally to this work. |
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| ABSTRACT |
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BaTiO3 (BTO) is the most widely used dielectric material for capacitors. However, the use of pure BTO ceramics in capacitors is limited because of the extensive changes in the dielectric properties associated with the phase transition at the Curie temperature (Tc), which results in low dielectric characteristics at room temperature (RT). The properties of BTO ceramics, such as RT dielectric properties, dielectric breakdown strength (DBS), and temperature and electrical field stability, can be modulated by adding the dopants. In this work, we studied the changes in the dielectric properties and energy storage performance of BTO ceramics with the addition of Sm2O3. BTO ceramics were synthesized via a solid-state route, and varying amounts (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mol%) of Sm2O3 were doped. An increase in Sm2O3 content led to a reduction in tetragonality and induced grain growth. As tetragonality is reduced and grain growth realized, the Tc is lowered, thereby increasing the dielectric constant at RT. Furthermore, the stability of the dielectric properties under an applied electric field improves with increasing Sm2O3 content. Comparative analysis of the hysteresis characteristics (polarization–electric field; P–E) with varying Sm2O3 contents revealed a minimal change in saturation polarization (ps), while remanent polarization (pr) decreased from 9.3 to 6.1 µC/cm2, exhibiting a slender P–E loop. Additionally, with increasing Sm2O3 content, the DBS increased. Sm2O3-doped BTO ceramics decreased pr by approximately 3.2 μC/cm2 compared to pure BTO, and the DBS increased from 8 to 10 kV/mm with the addition of Sm2O3. Consequently, owing to the increased DBS and decreased pr, the energy storage density increased from 0.29 to 0.46 J/cm3. Thus, Sm2O3-doped BTO ceramics exhibited a higher energy storage density of over 160% compared to pure BTO. Simultaneously, it showed an energy storage efficiency of over 90%. This confirms the potential of Sm2O3-doped BTO ceramics as capacitors for high-energy storage density applications. |
| Key words:
BaTiO3 · Sm2O3 · Dielectric properties · Energy storage · Capacitors |
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